Goldfish Study by Modern Chinese Master Artist Wu Zuoren (1908-1997)
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Wu Zuoren (1908-1997)
Male, Han nationality, born in Jiangsu Province in 1909. He successively studied in Shanghai University of Fine Arts, the Art Department of South China Institute of Fine Arts and the Art Department of Nanjing Central University from 1927 to 1930, with Mr. Xu Beihong, a famous painter, as his teacher. He entered Paris Higher Art School in 1930 and later was admitted to study in President Bai Sitian¡¦s Studio of Brussels Royal Institute of Fine Arts in Belgium. He held the posts of dean of studies and dean of Oil Painting Department in 1946. He was engaged in teaching and administration in the Central Institute of Fine Arts from 1950. His works have been exhibited on numerous domestic and foreign exhibitions and are highly appreciated by domestic and foreign collectors and museums. For many times, he has been invited to give lectures in various parts of the world, hold personal exhibitions or united exhibitions, and participated such activities as visiting, cultural exchange, etc. Published painting albums: Collection of Wu Zuoren¡¦s Sketches, Collection of Wu Zuoren¡¦s Watercolors, Collection of Wu Zuoren¡¦s Paintings, Selections of the Paintings of Wu Zuoren and Xiao Shufang, The Arts of Wu Zuoren, The Volume of Wu Zuoren¡XSeries of Paintings by Contemporary Chinese Artists, The Volume of Wu Zuoren¡XGreat Masters and Famous Chinese Paintings, Collection of Wu Zuoren¡¦s Sketches, The Volume of Calligraphy and Poetry, The Volume of Traditional Chinese Paintings, The Volume of Oil Paintings, The Volume of Sketches and Watercolors¡XCollection of Wu Zuoren¡¦s Paintings, Collection of Wu Zuoren¡¦s Paintings¡XCollection of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Famous Scripts and Paintings, etc.
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Wu Zuoren (1908 - 1997)
Wu Zuoren was born in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, in 1908 and died in 1997. He started his studies at the Department of Fine Arts of Shanghai University in 1927. The prominent Chinese painter Xu Behong recommended him for studies in Europe, and Wu studied painting in Paris in 1929 and in 1935 graduated from Belgium's Royal Institue of Fine Arts, honored with Laureate Student. He returned to China in 1935 and taught at the Central University, then located in Nanjing. In 1946 Wu and Xu Behong took over leadership of the Beiping State Academy of Arts, where he was professor and dean of studies. He opened painting exhibitions in Britain, France and Switzerland in 1947. His Grazing on Tibetan Grassland in traditional style of bruch work won the Gold Medal at the Paris Grand Exhibition in 1982. He won a French literary and art order of honor in 1985, and in 1988 he was honored with a top level Belgian royal honorary order.
He served as president and honorary president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts of China and president of the Chinese Artists Association. His masterpieces include Foziling Reservoir, Poritrait of Qi Baishi, Sanmen Gorge on Yellow River, and many others. His oil painting Battlefield Chrysanthemum All the More Fragrant fetched an international record price for his works of RMB?3.52-million (equal to US$425,634) in an auction in Beijing on July 12, 2003. He designed numerous postage stamps for China and products for Unicover.
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Wu Zuoren (1908-1997)
Born in Suzhou of East China's Jiangsu Province in 1908, Wu started his art studies at the Department of Fine Arts of Shanghai University in 1927. Recommended by Xu Beihong (1895-1953), one of China's most famous modern artists, Wu went to Europe to learn Western contemporary arts. In 1935, he graduated from Belgium's Royal Institute of Fine Arts, where he was honored as a Laureate Student. He returned to China in 1935 and taught at the Central University, which was then located in Nanjing of Jiangsu. His works began to be known in the West when he held painting exhibitions in Britain, France and Switzerland in 1947. Wu was adept in oil painting, Chinese painting and calligraphy. His style was clean, precise, clear and smooth since he absorbed the strength of the discipline of oil painting and blended it with Chinese paintings. His works are natural, implicit, but with precise shapes. His work "Grazing on Tibetan Grassland," which employed the traditional style of brush work, won the Gold Medal at the Paris Grand Palace Exhibition in 1982. Due to his artistic achievements and his great endeavors in promoting Chinese painting in the West, he was also named to the French literary and art order of honor in 1985, and in 1988 he was honored with a title from a top level Belgian royal honorary order.
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Wu Zuoren (1908-1997)
Wu Zuoren e` uno dei piu` celebri pittori contemporanei della Cina. Negli anni ¡¦30 Wu Zuoren si perfeziono` in pittura in Francia e in Belgio, dove studio` con impegno la tradizione realistica dell¡¦arte occidentale. Con il duro affinamento della tecnica pittorica fondamentale egli pose una solida base nello schizzo e nella pittura a olio. Subi` anche il grande influsso della scuola fiamminga, che ha avuto un enorme e profondo peso nello sviluppo della pittura a olio moderna. Nel 1935, Wu Zuoren ottenne la medaglia d¡¦oro nel concorso estivo dell¡¦Accademia reale di Belle Arti belga.
Tornato in patria, negli anni ¡¦40 egli comincio` a studiare la tecnica pittorica della pittura tradizionale cinese.
Wu Zuoren ha vissuto la meta` della sua vita nella vecchia societa` e creo` numerose opere di grande valore partendo dal realismo; ma la sua arte pittorica ha conosciuto una nuova vita nella nuova Cina.
Wu Zuoren ama ritrare gli animali. Nel dipingerli, cerca sempre di usare insieme gli stili della pittura tradizionale cinese e di quella a olio. Fra i suoi dipinti di animali risaltano maggiormente ¡§Yak tibetano sulla prateria¡¨, ¡§Panda¡¨ e ¡§Pesci rossi¡¨. Il ¡§Panda¡¨ e` stato esposto in Italia, messico e Canada`, mentre ¡§Pesci rossi¡¨ e` stato esposto a una mostra di arte cinese in Italia. Nel 1973, ha aderito all¡¦invito di creare sei bozzetti per una serie di francobolli dedicati al panda. Dando a ognuno un¡¦impostazione specifica ha disegnato sei panda diversi uno dall¡¦altro e ricchi di atteggiamenti, che hanno un caloroso successo in Cina e all¡¦estero.
Wu Zuoren non solo e` un noto pittore di stile tradizionale, ma anche un bravo pittore a olio di grande perizia. Nel 1979 ha creato per il Palazzo dell¡¦Assemblea del Popolo un grande dipinto a olio ¡§Il passo di Jiayu¡¨, che e` l¡¦estremita` occidentale della Grande Muraglia cinese. La Casa Editrice del Popolo di Belle Arti ha pubblicato la ¡§Raccolta di dipinti di Wu Zuoren¡¨ e a Shanghai e Tianjin sono state pubblicate ¡§Raccolte di schizzi di Wu Zuoren¡¨ e ¡§Raccolta di tempere di Wu Zuoren¡¨. Queste raccolte comprendono opere di vari periodi del pittore e registrano i passi della sua vita artistica parallela a quella cronologica.
Il nonno di Wu Zuoren era un professionista, maestro del pennello. Fin da piccolo Wu zuoren venne influenzato dall¡¦arte e si innamoro` presto della pittura. A causa tuttavia della morte precoce del padre, le sue condizioni di vita erano molto difficili. Fu l¡¦aiuto di Xu Beihong che gli permise di persistere nello studio della pittura e ottenere un certo successo. In seguito, Xu Beihong lo incoraggio` e lo aiuto` anche ad andare a perfezionarsi all¡¦estero. La cosa piu` importante e` che Xu Beihong diede artisticamente molti insegnamenti utili a Wu Zuoren, consentendogli di gettare una solida base nella tecnica dello schizzo. Per questo Wu Zuoren ha sempre considerato Xu Beihong suo grande maestro e intimo amico. Artisticamente egli ricorda Xu Beihong sotto molti aspetti: da lui ha assorbito il realismo che si contrappone al formalismo, lo sforzo di un¡¦assimilazione critica sulla base della tradizione dell¡¦arte nazionale cinese, la tecnica dell¡¦arte occidentale in modo da creare un nuovo stile artistico. Come il suo mestro Xu Beihong, egli sa dipingere sia a olio che nello stile tradizionale cinese, ed e` anche un bravo calligrafo.
A partire dal 1958, Wu Zuoren ha assunto la carica di direttore dell¡¦Accademia Centrale di Belle Arti e di vice presidente dell¡¦Associazione cinese degli artisti.
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§d§@¤H (1908-1997)
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1947 À³^°ê¤å¤Æ©eû·|ÁܽÐu^°ê¶i¦æ¾Ç³N³X°Ý¡C¤¤ë¦bÛ´°¡B¤C¤ë¦b·ç¤h¤é¤º¥Ë¡B¤E¤ë¦bªk°ê¤Ú¾¤¤À§OÁ|¦æÓ¤Hµe®i¡C
1948 »P¿½²QªÚµ²±B¡A®}´dÂE¥ý¥Í¬°ÃÒ±B¤H¡A¨ÃÃØ¡mÂùÆk¹Ï¡n¡Cµe¤WÃD¸Ö¡G¦Ê¦~¦n¦X¥ð¶û±ß¡AZ¹ê^Án¬Û±µÃk¡AÄ´¦p¦æµ{¤d¸UùØ¡A±o¬Ý¥@¬É³Ì°ª¤s¡C¦b¥_¥²Õ´¥_¥¬ü³N§@®a¨ó·|¡B¤¤°ê¬ü³N°|¡B¥_¥ÃÀ±MÁp¦X®iÄý·|¡C°Ñ®i§@«~¦³¡m¥j³ù»P¼X³õ¡n¡]¤ô±m¡^¡B¡m³â¹À¦x¸õ¯«¡n¡]¤ô±m¡A¤w§H¡^¡mÅå°¨¡n¡]³t¼g¡^¡B¡mÄõ¦{¥¥~¡n¡]ªoµe¡^¡B¡mÂüù¡n¡]¤¤°êµe¡^µ¥¡C¤Q¤G¤ë¤C¤é¦b¥_¥¦¨¥ßºî¦X©ÊÃÀ³N¹ÎÅé"¤@¤G¤C"ÃÀ³N¾Ç·|¡C
1949 °Ñ¥[²Ä¤@©¡¥þ°ê¤å¾ÇÃÀ³N¬É¥Nªí¤j·|¡C¥ô¥þ°ê¬ü³N®a¨ó·|±`°È²z¨Æ¡C§@ªoµe¡m¸Ñ©ñ«n¨Ê¸¹¥~¡n¡C
1950 ¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|¦¨¥ß¡A¥ôªoµe¨t±Ð±ÂݱаȪø¡C¨ì¤u¼t¡B¹A§ø¡B¯ó쪪°Ï¡A¤ô®w¤u¦a²`¤J¥Í¬¡¡A¼g¥Í
1951 °Ñ¥[¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¥Nªí¹Î¡A³X°Ý¦L«×¡B½q¨l¡C¨Ã§@³t¼g¦h´T¡C
1952 ¥ô¬±ÆF¦x¥Û¸]ÃÀ³N°É¹î¹Î°Æ¹Îªø¡A¹ï¥Û¸]ÃÀ³N§@µo±¸¾ã²z©MÁ{¼±¤u§@¡C°Ñ¥[¥_¨Ê¤H¥Á^¶¯¬ö©À¸O³]p¤u§@¡A¥ô¬ü³N²Õ°Æ²Õªø¡C
1953 ¥ô³Á¿n¤s¥Û¸]ÃÀ³N°É¹î¹Î¹Îªø¡A¹ï¥Û¸]ÃÀ³N¶i¦æ°É¹î¡BÁ{¼±¡B¥Û¨è½¼Òµ¥¡C·í¿ï¬°¤¤°ê¬ü³N®a¨ó·|°Æ¥D®u¡A¤¤°ê¤å¾ÇÃÀ³N¬ÉÁp¦X¥þ°ê©eû·|¥D®u¹Î©eû¡C
1954 ¬O¦~°_·í¿ï¬°²Ä¤@¦Ü²Ä¤»©¡¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j·|¥Nªí¡C§@ªoµe¡m»ô¥Õ¥Û¹³¡n¡C
1955 ¥ô¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|°Æ°|ªø¡C§@¬°¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Î¦¨û¥X®u´µ¼wôº¸¼¯¥@¬Éµôx·|ij¡Cu¤º»X¥j¼g¥Í¡C§@ªoµe¡m¯óì¶³«B¡n¡B¡m«B¤¤¯óì¡n¡B¡mì©lªL¡n¡B¤¤°êµe¡m®M°¨¡n¡B¡m¤Ö¤k¹³¡nµ¥¡C
1956 ¥X®u¦b·ç¨å¶©¼wÁ|¦æªº°ê»ÚÃÀ³N±Ð¨|·|ij¡C»P¦ã¤¤«H¡B¿½²QªÚ¡B¸¯ºû¾¥µ¥¦X§@ø»s¥_¨Ê¤Ñ¤åÀ]¦èÀ]¤jÆU¤Ñ³»µe¡A±¤ºÉ·´©ó¤Q¦~°Ê¶Ã¤¤¡Cu®È¶¶¡B¤j³s¼g¥Í¡C§@ªoµe¡m¤Tªù®l¡nµ¥¡C
1957 u«C®q¼g¥Í¡C¤W®ü¤H¥Á¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤H³t¼g¶°¡n¡C
1958 ¥ô¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|°|ªø¡Cuªe¥_¬Ù§ô³À¿¤¡B²g¿¤¼g¥Í¡A³Ð§@ªoµe¡m¹A¥Áµe®a¡n¡B¤¤°êµe¡m«ó¾áÅÚµ¨¡nµ¥¡C
1959 ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤H¤ô¾¥µe¿ï¡n©Mªoµe±M¿è¡m®ü¡n¡A§@ªoµe¡m¨FºzÅܺñ¬w¡n¡B¡m§õ¤j°x»P®]¤¤¤s¡n¡B¡m¨¢ÃÄ¡nµ¥¡C
1960 u¹ç®L®È¦æ¼g¥Í¡A¬°¤H¥Á¤j·|°ó¹ç®LÆU§@¤¤°êµe¡m¬e§û¶é¡n¡B¡m¶iµo¡n¡B¡mÅy¦Ï¡n¡C
1961 uªF¥_¼g¥Í¡C§@ªoµe³t¼g¦h´T¡C
1962 uĬ¦{¡BµL¿üµ¥¦a¼g¥Í¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m¤Ó´ò¡n¡B¡mº®¡n¡B¡m¥P«È¨Ó¡n¤Îªoµe¡m¤ë©u¡nµ¥¡C¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤Hµe¿ï¡n¡C¤H¥Á¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤Hµe¿ï¡n¡C
1963 ¬°¯¬¶P¤¤°ê¹B°Êû¦b¤G¤Q¤K©¡¥@¬É¥â¥ã²yÀA¼ÐÁɤ¤¹Ü«a¡A§@¤¤°êµe¡mÆNÀ»ªøªÅ¡n¡C©Ò§@¤¤°êµe¡mºµ¿ß¡n¥Ñ¶l¹q³¡¦L»s¦¨²Ä¤@®M¡mºµ¿ß¡n¬ö©À¶l²¼¡]¦@¤TªT¡^µo¦æ¡C
1964 §@¤¤°êµe¡mª¾¥Õ¦u¶Â¡n¡B¡m¾Ðºz¤W¡nµ¥¡C
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1966 "¤å¤Æ¤j²©R"¶}©l¡C¦Û¦¹¦~¦Ü¤@¤E¤C¤G¦~¥¢¥h³Ð§@¦Û¥Ñ¡C
1969 ÀH¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|®v¥Í¤U©ñªe¥_¬ÙºÏ¿¤³¡¶¤¹A³õ³Ò°Ê¡A½á¡m§ø¥_¦³²ü¶í¡n¡B¡m´K±`¤Ö¡nµ¥¸Ö½g¡C
1972 ¬°°ê°È°|°ê»«À]§@µe¡A³Ð§@¡m§dô´Â·u¡n¡B¡m°^¹Ç³·®p¡n¡B¡mÃèªy´ò¡nµ¥¤j´Tªoµe©M¤¤°êµe¦h´T¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡mºµ¿ß¡n¡A¥Ñ¶l¹q³¡¦L»s¦¨²Ä¤G®M¡mºµ¿ß¡n¯SºØ¶l²¼¡]¦@¤»ªT¡^µo¦æ¡C§@¡m¥ô«¹D»·¡n¡B¡m¤Ó´ò³½¶í¡n¡B¡m¾îªÅ¥X¥@¡nµ¥¡C
1974 u¤Ñ¬z¤j´äªo¥Ð¼g¥Í¡A§@ªoµe¡m¤j®ü·s»ª¡n¡A¨Ã°Ñ¥[¥þ°ê¬ü®i¡C
1975 uºÖ«Ø¬ÙªZ¦i¤sµ¥¦a¼g¥Í¡A§@¦³¤ô¾¥³t¼g¡mªZ¦i¤s¬u¡n¡B¡m¶H¡nµ¥¡C
1976 §@¤¤°êµe¡mªZ¦i¤s¤U¡n¡]Âä饻ªø±Tð¤HÀ]¡^¡B¡mĵ±§¡n¡B¡mª÷¨F¶³±V¡nµ¥¡C
1977 ²v¤¤°ê¬ü³N®a¥Nªí¹Îu¤é¥»¡A°Ñ¥[¦bªF¨Ê©Mªø±TÁ|¦æªº"¤¤°ê²{¥N®Ñµe®i"¡C¬°¬ö©À©P®¦¨ÓÁ`²z§@¤¤°êµe¡m®i¯Í«¾]¡n¡A»P¿½²QªÚ¡B»¯¦µªì¦X§@¤¤°êµe¡mÂ׸O¡n¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡mªª¾m¹Ï¡n¡A¿ï¤JUNESCO"Áp¦X°ê°ê»Ú¨µ°jµe®i"¡A¨Ã©ó¤@¤E¤K¡³¦~³Q¶l¹q³¡»s¦¨¬°¶l²¼µo¦æ¡C¬°¤¤°ê¾n¥~¨ÏÀ]§@µe¦h´T¡G¡mªL®ü³·ì¡E¿³¦wÀ¡n¡]¦s¤¤°ê¾n°¨¨Ó¦è¨È¤j¨ÏÀ]¡^¡B¡mÂÃì¼ù¤û¡n¡]¦s¤¤°ê¾n¤é¥»¤j¨ÏÀ]¡^¡C§@¡mª÷³½¡n¡C¾H¤p¥¥X³X¥§ªyº¸®ÉÃØ¥§°ê¤ý¡C
1978 ¤H¥Á¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤Hµe¿è¡n¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m³q¤Ñªe¯`¡n¡B¡m¤à¾À¦æ¡n¡B¡mÕæ¶³¡nµ¥¡C
1979 ¥ô¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|¦WÅA°|ªø¡B¤¤°ê¤å¾ÇÃÀ³N¬ÉÁp¦X·|°Æ¥D®u¡B¤¤°ê¥Á¥D¦P·ù¤¤¥¡©eû·|±`°È©eû¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m³q¤Ñªe¯`¡n¡B¡m¸«¶í¥ÈÃ[¡n¡B¡mÂÃì©b¼ù¡n¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m³q¤Ñªe¯`¡n¡B¡m¸«¶í¥È§@¡mªøÅX»·ÁСn¡A¾H¿o¶W°Æ©eûªø¥X³X¤é¥»®ÉÃØ¤j¥¥¿ªÚº¬Û¡C§@¡mªÂ³s©ñªª¡n¡A¥ÑÁ`²zÃØ¼w·N§ÓÁp¨¹Á`²z¬I±K¯S¡C
1980 ¬î¦Ü¦¸¦~¬K¡AÀ³Áܰº¤Ò¤H¿½²QªÚ¥ý«á³X°Ýªü®Ú§Ê©M¿D¤j§Q¨È¡A§@³t¼g¦h´T¡C¡m«È¦³°Ý--½Í®v³y¤Æ¹Ü¤Ñ¤u¡n¡A¦b¡m¬ü³N¬ã¨s¡nµoªí¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡mª÷³½¡n¡]¦s¤H¥Á¤j·|°ó¡^¡B¡m¦À½ì¡n¡B¡mªøªÅ¡n¡B¡mªe¦èªª¾m¡n¡B¡mµ¾¤Ñ¡nµ¥¡C
1981 §@¡m¤à¾Àªª³¥¡n¡]¦s¤¤°ê¾n¬ü¤j¨ÏÀ]¡^¡B¡m¤Ñ´òÂmÂr¡n¡B¡mÂù¥ÈÃ[¡n¡B¡m¶¯Âû¡nµ¥¡C
1982 ²v¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Îuªk°ê°Ñ¥[¦b¤Ú¾¤¤j®cÁ|¦æªº"¤¤°ê²{¥NÃÀ³N®iÄý"¶}¹õ¦¡¡C¤¤°êµe¡mÂÃì©ñªª¡nºaÀòª÷¼ú¡C¥ô¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¤å¤Æ³¡ÃÀ³N©eû·|©eû¡C´ÂµØ¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m¤d¨½¶³¤s¡n¡B¡m«C®ü¤§ÀØÆ[»R¡n¡B¡m¾ðºµ¡n¡B¡m¾m¦Ï¡n¡B¡m¤»´ÂªQ¡nµ¥¡C
1983 u¶³¶Q°ªì¼g¥Í¡B§@µe¡C¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|Äá»s±Ð¾Ç¿ý¼v¡m®v³y¤Æ¹Ü¤Ñ¤u--§d§@¤Hªº¤¤°êµeÃÀ³N¡n¡C¥ô²Ä¤»©¡¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j·|±`°È©eû·|©eû¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m¥ßÆN¡n§@¬°¥þ°ê¤H¤jÃØÂ§¡AÃØµ¹¸¼C^¡CÀ³·R¼w®æ¡E´µ¿Õ°òª÷·|ÁܽСA°º¤Ò¤H¿½²QªÚu¬üÁ¿¾Ç¡B®i¥X§@«~¡AÀ³¸u¬°±KĬùا¢ÂÄ´µ¤j¾ÇÃÀ³N¨t«È®y±Ð±Â©M©`º¸»¹¡Eªü¯Sª÷ÃÀ³N³Õª«À]«È®y¤¤°ê³¡°ª¯Å¬ã¨sÀ]ªø¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡mÓ®³½¡n¡B¡mÂù¾m¡nµ¥¡C
1984 ªk°ê¬F©²©M¤å¤Æ³¡±Â¤©ÃÀ³N¤å¾Ç³Ì°ª¾±³¹¡A±Â¾±»ö¦¡©ó¤@¤E¤K¤¦~¦b¥_¨Êªk°ê¾nµØ¤j¨ÏÀ]Á|¦æ¡Cu¤é¥»Á|¦æ"§d§@¤H¿½²QªÚ¤¤°êµe®i"¡C§¹¦¨¤j´Tªoµe¡mªo¥Ðªº¦±á¡n¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m³·¤s¼ù¹B¡n¡B¡m©b¼ù¹Ï¡n¡B¡m¸sÅbµ¾¤Ñ¡n¡B¡mªø¹Ø¡nµ¥¡C¤W®ü¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¹q¼v»s¤ù¼tÄá»s¡m§d§@¤HªºÃÀ³N¡n¹q¼v¤ù¡C¨ü¸u¬°¤¤°ê¤j¦Ê¬ì¥þ®ÑÁ`½s¿è©eû·|©eû¡B¤¤°ê´Ý¯e¤HºÖ§Q°òª÷·|¦WÅA²z¨Æ¡B¤¤°ê¤Í½Ë¥Xª©¤½¥q¦WÅA¸³¨Æªø¡C1985 ·í¿ï¤¤°ê¬ü³N®a¨ó·|¥D®u¡B¥ô¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j·|±`°È©eû·|¼Ú¬wij·|²Õ°Æ¥D®u¡B¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¹ï¥~¤Í¨ó°ê»Ú©M¥¦~¤¤°ê²Õ´©eû·|©eû¡B¤¤°ê°ê»Ú¤å¤Æ¥æ¬y¤¤¤ß²z¨Æ¡Cu¦wÀ²¬Ù®ù¿¤°Ñ¥[¥þ°êªoµeÃÀ³N°Q½×·|¡A¨Ã¦^ZªL§ø±´±æ¬G¨½¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡mºñ¬w¦ÇÅb°}¡n¡B¡m¥L¤s¤§¥Û¡nµ¥¡A³]p¡m¤»ÃÀ¡n¾Àµe½Z¡A»P§õ¤Æ¦N¦X§@ø»s¤sªF¦±ªúÂöùØ»«ªÙ¥ð®§ÆU¾Àµe¡m¤»ÃÀ¡n¡C¦Aª©¡m§d§@¤H¿½²QªÚµe¿ï¡n¤¤¡B^¤åª©¡A¨Ã¥Xª©¤¤¡Bªk¤å²Ä¤@ª©¡C
1986 ¥Ñ¤å¤Æ³¡¡B¤¤°ê¤åÁp¡B¤¤°ê¬ü³N®a¨ó·|¡B¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|Áp¦XÁ|¿ì§d§@¤HÃÀ³N¬¡°Ê¤»¤Q©P¦~¬ö©À¬¡°Ê¨ÃÁ|¿ì"§d§@¤Hµe®i"¡A²v¤¤°êÃÀ³N¥Nªí¹Îu·s¥[©Y°Ñ¥[·s°ê»Ú©M¥¦~¬¡°Ê¡C¦b¤¤°ê»P¤ñ§Q®É«Ø¥æ¤Q¤©P¦~¤§»Ú¡Au¤ñ§Q®É°Ñ¥[¦b¦w¯S½Ã´¶©M¥¬¾|¶ëº¸Á|¦æªº"§d§@¤H¿½²QªÚ¤¤°êµe®i"Ä~¦¹¤§«á¤S¦b¿c´Ë³ù®i¥X¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m¥@¤W©_¬Ã¡n¡]ºµ¿ß¡^¥Ñ°ê®a¥D®u§õ¥ý©ÀÃØ°e^°êµá§Q®ú¿Ë¤ý¡C¥~¤å¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¤¤¡B^¤åª©µe¥U¡m§d§@¤HªºÃÀ³N¡n¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m°Ö¤ì³¾¡nµ¥¡C
1987 À³ªk°ê¥~¥æ³¡ÃÀ³N¬¡°Ê¨ó·|ÁܽÐuªk°ê¤Ú¾¤¶ë§V§Æ³Õª«À]°Ñ¥["§d§@¤H¿½²QªÚµe®i"¶}¹õ¦¡¡A¨Ã°ÑÆ[¡B³X°Ý¡C¦b¤Ú¾¤¬°®ÈªkµØ¹´Á|¿ìªº"±Ï´©¤¤°ê¥_¤è¤õ¨a®Ñµe¸q½æ"¬¡°Ê®½®Ñªk§@«~¤´T¡C¦b¤Ñ¬zÁ|¿ì"§d§@¤Hµe®i"¡C
1988 ¤G¤ë¡A¤ñ§Q®É°ê¤ý³Õ¦h¦w¤@¥@±Â¤©¤ý«aºaÅA¾±³¹¡C·í¿ï¬°¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¬Fªv¨ó°Ó·|ij²Ä¤C©¡±`°È©eû·|©eû¡CÀ³»´ä¤¤µØ¤å¤Æ«P¶i¤¤¤ß¤§Áܦb»´äÁ|¿ì"§d§@¤H¿½²QªÚµe®i"¡A¨Ã¶i¦æÃÀ³N¥æ¬y©M¤Í¦n¬¡°Ê¡C§@¡mªø«°--«Â¥§´µ¡n®Ñµe§@«~¡A®½°ê»Ú×´_ªø«°¡A¬@±Ï«Â¥§´µ©eû·|¡CÀ³µÛ¦Wª«²z¾Ç®a¡B¿Õ¨©º¸¼úÀò¼úªÌ§õ¬F¹D±Ð±Â¤§½Ð¬°"¤Gºû±jÃöÁp¹q¤l¨t²Î°ê»Ú·|ij"ø»s·|¼Ð¡m¤Ó·¥¹Ï¡n¡A¤w§@¬°¥_¨Ê¥¿t¹q¤l¹ï¼²¾÷ªº¼Ð»x¡C¬°«P¶i¤¤°êÃÀ³N¨Æ·~ªºµo®i¡AҾɫإߧd§@¤H°ê»Ú¬ü³N°òª÷·|¡A±o¨ì®ü¤º¥~¼ö¤ß¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~¤H¤hªº¤ä«ù¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m¤@Äý²³¤s¤p¡n¡]¥ßÆN¡^µ¥¡C
1989 ¤E¤ë¡A¥Ñ§d§@¤HҾɡA®ü¤º¥~ª¾¦W¤H¤hµo°_ªº§d§@¤H°ê»Ú¬ü³N°òª÷·|¦b¨Ê¥¿¦¡¦¨¥ß¡C¦V°òª÷·|®½ÃØÓ¤H§@«~¡C¬°ºaÀò§d§@¤H°ê»Ú¬ü³N°òª÷·|º¦¸³]¥ßªº«C¦~¼ú±o¥D¤À§OÃØ°e¡mÃÀµL½aºÉ¡n©M¡mªá¶}¨â©¤¡n½f®Ñ§@«~¡CÀòº©¡«n¨Ê®v½d¤j¾Ç"®}´dÂE¼ú¾Çª÷ºaÅA¼ú"¡C¤H¥Á¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¶Ç°O¡m§d§@¤H¡n¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡mª÷¹Ðºzºz°g¤Ñ³B¡n¡B¡m¤dµ{¶iµo¡n¡B¡m¦a»·¤Ñ°ª¡n¡B¡m¥b¤Ñ¦B³·¤@¤Ñ·¡nµ¥¡C
1990 ¤G¤ë¡AÀ³¹ùÀR¤åÁܬ°¶§®Ò®}´dÂE¬G©~³¯¦CÀ]ÃD°Ð¦W¡C¤T¤ë¡A¬°"¤¤°ê·±¡ªoµeÃÀ³N®i"ÃD¦W¡A¨Ã°eªoµe¡m®ü¤Wªo¥Ð¡n°Ñ®i¡C¥j§d°a¥Xª©ªÀ¦¨¥ß¤Q©P¦~¤§»Ú½f¼g"¤Q¦~Á}¨¯·µØZ"©M"¤@´Âµo¿o©µ¹Ø¤d¬î"¯¬¶P¡C½áàH¨Ã®Ñ"¨â©¤¦ç±a¤ô¡A¥¨¦K¼}¸t®v¡F¥\¼wÄɤd¥N¡A««·¨ºÑ¸Uµ·"¡CÃØ¶P¥H¤é¥»ÃÀ³N¤j®vªF¤s»í¦i¥ý¥Í©R¦Wªº¬ü³NÀ]¸¨¦¨¡C¤¤ë¡A½²Yi¥ý¥Í±qÃÀ¤»¤Q¦~¤§»Ú¡A®Ñ"¥õ¦W¤Ü¸ü¡A¦P¦à¤Ê¦~¡F¦Ñ·í¯q§§¡A¸°¨´§Ã@"P¶P¡C¤»¤ë¡A§@¤¤°êµe¡m©bÄË»ô¶i¡nÃØ¦b¥_¨ÊÁ|¦æªº²Ä¤Q¤@©¡¨È¹B°Ê·|¡C§@¤¤°êµe¡m¥À¤l¤s¦Ï¹Ï¡n¡]¤¤°ê¶l²¼¤½¥q¦¬Âá^¡C¤C¤ë¡A§@¤¤°êµe¡m¨F´çºz¸ó¡n¡A¤é¥»¤s±TÀu¤l¤k¤hÂáC¤K¤ë¡A®Ñ¡m¹Ø¤ñ«n¤s¡n¯¬¾H¤p¥¤j¹Ø¡C¥|¤t¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤Hµe¶Ç¡n¡]¤¤°ê·í¥N¬ü³N®a¨t¦Cµe¶Ç¤§¤@¡^
1991 ¤G¤ë¡A±w¯f¦í¥_¨ÊÂå°|¡C¥|¤ë¡A¥_¨Ê¹qµø»O¼½¥X¤j«¬¹qµø¨t¦C¤ù¡m¤å¤Æ¤Hª«¡n¤¤¡m§d§@¤H¡n¤@¤ù¡C¤C¤ë¡A¤T¤Q¾l´T§@«~°Ñ¥[¤¤¥¡¬ü³N¾Ç°|²Ä¤G©¡"¦W®vªº¨¬¸ñ"µe®i¡C¤Ñ¬z¤H¥Á¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤H³t¼g¶°¡n¡C»´ä·s»D¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¶Ç°O¡m§d§@¤H¡n¡C
1993 ºaÀòªk°ê°ê®aÃÀ³N¾Ç·|Âù¦~¤j®i¤@¤E¤E¤T¦~"³Ì³Ç¥X¤¤°êµe®a§@«~¯S§O¼ú¡C"
1994 ¥j§d°a¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤HÃÀ³NÀ]Âë~¶°¡n¡C
1995 ³Q±ÀÁ|¬°¤¤°ê¥Á¥D¦P·ù°Ñij©eû·|°Æ¥D¥ô¡F¿ñ¹ç¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤H§@«~¶°¡n¡A¦@¥|Ó¤À¥U----ªoµe¨÷¡B¤¤°êµe¨÷¡B¯À´y³t¼g¤ô±m±²©M®Ñªk¸Öµü¨÷¡C
1996 11¤ë¦]¤j±¿n¸£±ð¶ë°e¥_¨ÊÂå°|·m±Ï¡F³Q¥þ°ê¤åÁp¤»¤j¸u¬°¤¤°ê¤åÁpºaÅA©eû¡F§d§@¤H°ê»Ú¬ü³N°òª÷·|Á|¿ì¥þ°ê¬ü³N°|®Õ®v¥Í³t¼g¨µ°j®i©M¾Ç¥ÍÀu¨q³t¼g§@«~µû¿ï¡F¤H¥Á¬ü³N¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤H¡E¤¤°êªñ²{¥N¦W®aµe¶°¡n¡F»OÆW³Á§JªÑ¥÷¦³¤½¥q¥Xª©¡m§d§@¤H¡E¥¨¦K»P¤¤°ê¦Wµe¡n¡C
1997 4¤ë9¤é¦b¥_¨Ê³u¥@¡F4¤ë30¤éº³£ªÀ·|¦U¬É¤H¤h¦b¤KÄ_¤s²©R¤½¹Ó¬°§d§@¤H¶©«Á|¦æ°e§O»ö¦¡¡F5¤ë28¤é¦bĬ¦{Á|¦æ§d§@¤H§@«~®½ÃØ»ö¦¡¤Î§d§@¤HÃÀ³NÀ]¶}¹õ¦¡¡A¿½²QªÚ³Q¸u¬°ÃÀ³NÀ]À]ªø¡C
1998 ³u¥@¤@©P¦~¡A¦U³ø¥Z¡BÂø»xµoªí¤å³¹¡B§@«~½qÃh§d§@¤H¡FĬ¦{§d§@¤HÃÀ³NÀ]Á|¦æ¶}À]©P¦~¬ö©À¬¡°Ê¡F§õ¬F¹D³Õ¤h¦b¤¤°ê°ªµ¥¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¤¤¤ßÁ|¦æªº§d§@¤H¡B¶ÀH¥ý¥Í³u¥@©P¦~¬ö©À·|¤WµoªíºtÁ¿¡A²±Æg§d§@¤H©M¶ÀHªºÃÀ³N¦¨´N¡F¤sªFµe³ø¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¨H¥ª³óµÛ¡m¤jºz±¡¡E§d§@¤H¡n¡C